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It doesn't matter whether you have a MacBook Pro or a Raspberry Pi with you; everything is pretty much hardware if it does not have the right Operating System. In other words, Operating System is what brings life to your devices — it is applicable for desktops, laptops and even the Smartphones you use every day. As you know, different devices are shipped with different Operating Systems, which belong to different OS Families. For instance, you will not be able to see a MacBook with Microsoft Windows installed on it.
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All of these devices require an ‘Operating System' or OS to operate it and control its overall programs. The different OS systems available are recognized as 'OS Families'.
So, we were saying, there are different OS's for different needs of yours. From the early stage of computing, we have been seeing transformation between and within OS Families. In this article, we shall have a look on the most popular and important Computer Operating Systems and the different Operating System Families they belong to.
DOS
DOS is actually the acronym of Disk Operating System. It's a family of Operating Systems that were used in the early stages of computing. Functioning of DOS is based on text commands. These commands are inputted using command prompt, which you could find even today in Microsoft Windows. DOS cannot be called an individual OS. On the other hand, it's a family that has produced a variety of DOS-based Operating Systems. For instance, we can take the case of MS-DOS.
As you can guess from the name, Microsoft Disk Operating System was developed by Microsoft, and its history does go back to 1981. MS-DOS was developed for IBM's personal computers, and was then extended to many versions. In the same way, you can find other DOS-based Operating Systems — such as Apple DOS, Free DOS, Atari DOS, CSI-DOS and TRSDOS etc. This is a brief concept about DOS, whose characteristics are still found in Microsoft Windows.
Mac OS
As you might know, Mac OS was developed by Apple to power Macintosh computer system. The OS was introduced in 1984 and has maintained its popularity till now. Mac OS was the first Operating System that brought Graphical User Interface into the computing scenario. There's a story that Microsoft Windows was based on the GUI concepts found in Apple's Mac OS.
The name ‘Mac OS' was used only after the v7.5.1 — before which the OS was known as Finder and System. It was in the same v7.1.5 that the OS got a Mac OS logo. Mac OS was developed as an alternative to many Operating Systems that demanded deep technical knowledge. By the use of Graphical User Interface, Apple succeeded in creating a user-friendly Operating System. In its entire history, we'd be able to see two main classifications. This classification is done based on the system architecture in use.
From 1984 to 2000, Mac OS is known as Classic Mac OS. However, starting from 2001, it got rebranded as Mac OS X. Once again, in 2012, Apple rebranded the family to OS X. In the latest update, the upcoming versions of Mac OS will be dubbed as macOS. Technically speaking, it's UNIX-based Operating System. It's a closed-source OS with some open-source components in it.
Microsoft Windows
First released in 1985, Microsoft Windows is a family of Operating Systems developed by Microsoft. It was first built by Bill Gates, the founder of Microsoft Corporation. It's equipped with a Graphical User Interface that is powered by a concept named WIMP. WIMP is the acronym for Windows, Icons, Menus, Pointer.
This system was first used in PCs developed by Apple. It was then adopted by Microsoft Corporation, giving birth to the series of Microsoft Windows. In this course of 30 years, Microsoft Windows have had many updates and versions. Its latest version is Windows 10, which brought several changes in terms of UI and features. Just below Android, Microsoft Windows is the most-used Operating System for personal computers.
Currently, it is a stable Operating System that allows multitasking and other options. A huge number of applications are available via official and unofficial channels — which is a reason why Windows is popular. Nowadays, many PCs are pre-installed with Microsoft Windows OS. Windows is a big family of OSs that consists of different families used for different sectors. For instance, we have Windows Server, Windows NT and Windows Phone etc.
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Windows command the personal computer environment, giving a graphical user interface (GUI), memory management, multitasking, and support for many external devices.
UNIX Operating System Family
UNIX was developed by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie (and others, of course) in 1970s. UNIX is actually a family of Operating Systems that have multi-tasking and multi-user capabilities. Though it was developed for Bell Labs, it is having a lot of variants in commercial and non-commercial sectors. UNIX, formerly known as MULTICS, is an OS that does not depend upon hardware for functioning. So, it's mainly used in server machines. Currently, UNIX is the most used Operating System for web servers.
There are many characteristics of UNIX that make it optimal for server machines on the Internet. For instance, UNIX has in-built capabilities for TCP/IP and multi-user operations. Almost all parts of the OS are written in C Programming language, which is why it's usable on different platforms. Nowadays, UNIX and UNIX-based OSs are widely used in IT world. The examples include Apple OS X and Linux.
Linux Operating System
Linux is, as we mentioned earlier, a UNIX-like Operating System that is noted for being open source and free to use. The perk of being open source is that anyone can make changes to the Linux Operating System and meet up with his or her needs. It was developed by Linus Tolwards and publicly released in 1991. Despite the fact that Linux was built for personal computing needs, it's now used in a variety of platforms. The most noted example is Android, which has its base on Linux Kernel.
In the course of time, Linux has received tremendous contributions from developers. The best part is that there are a huge number of Linux distributions — most of them available for free. A user can choose the most appropriate distro to suite his/her needs. The popular Linux distributions include Arch Linux, CentOS, Ubuntu, Linux Mint, Fedora and Debian. Ubuntu and Linux Mint are widely used by both experts and common users alike. Thanks to the contribution of Android, Linux is the most-installed Operating System in the world.
OS/2
A series of Operating Systems developed by Microsoft and IBM, OS/2 was used in IBM devices. However, after some time, Microsoft left the OS and it was then developed solely by IBM. This Operating System was released first in 1987 and the last version was released in 2001. Since a collaborative effort by IBM and Microsoft, the OS works fine with DOS and Microsoft Windows. That is, you will be able to run most of DOS or Windows-based apps in OS/2. However, the vice versa scenario isn't possible. Support to OS/2 was discontinued in 2006. However, further developments are being done under the name of eComStation.
Oracle Solaris
Another UNIX-based Operating System, Oracle Solaris was developed by Sun Micrososystems. It was, then, bought by Oracle Corporation in 2010. Solaris is an operating system that is meant to suit Cloud Computing needs and has all options for Virtualization and Application-driven Software-defined Networking technology. Solaris is also known for the scalability level and some innovative features.
OpenVMS
OpenVMS is the successor to VMS Operating System. VMS Operating System was developed by Digital Equipment Corporation and was meant for devices in VAX-11 Minicomputers series. In its name, VMS denoted Virtual Memory System. The name refers to the architectural system the OS uses. Open VMS is a paid OS, though you have an option to purchase the codes.
Currently, OpenVMS is used for a variety of needs. For instance, a business like Amazon can get the best from this OS — due to its features. OpenVMS has in-built capabilities for time sharing, option to be distributed over different sets of machines, etc. Since it's using the Virtual Memory Concept, clients of OpenVMS are confident about its power.
MVS
MVS is the acronym for Multiple Virtual Storage. It was an Operating System used in IBM mainframe computers such as System/370 and System/390. This is however different from the other mainframe operating systems of IBM. It has received many extensions in the course of time, such as MVS/SE System Extension and MVS/ESA Enterprise System Architecture Extension. Although the OS is used, it was gradually replaced by modern alternatives.
A/UX
A/UX was released by Apple in 1988. It's a UNIX-based Operating System that is compliant to POSIX. The OS had the looks and style of Apple Mac but it was based on UNIX family. A/UX was never a mainstream Operating System in a historical overview. That having said, it deserves a place in list.
Computer Operating Systems – Summing Up
So, you have read about the different Operating System Families and the various OS's from those families. It has to be noted that we have covered the Personal Computing part of Operating Systems. It's so because the mobile sphere now requires an entirely different article. We know that the list isn't complete, because there were many minor-yet-significant OSs.
Contents
Subpages
- Classes & Class Options
- Spheres Bestiary
- Spheres Monster Templates
Spheres of Power is an alternative magic system that can be used alongside the standard magic system or may completely replace it, and like many optional systems is easily adapted to the third edition of the world's oldest roleplaying game, as well as many other table-top RPGs.
For many, magic is the heart of the fantasy roleplaying experience. It's what gives a setting its appeal, the heroes their power, and the villains their terrifying capacity for destruction. As such, the rules and capacities of magic determine what kinds of stories can be told—after all, a world where magic is reliable and divided between arcane and divine sources is different from one where magic is risky and only wielded by a select few. Likewise, a magic user who can cross dimensions at will has a very different adventuring career than one who must use a horse to travel, even at the heights of his power.
Basic Magic
This section covers the basic rules for the Spheres of Power system. Rather than gaining spells, casters choose areas of magic (spheres) they will possess mastery over, and use magic talents to further refine, empower, and develop their magical skill. This section also covers the basics for working the spheres, including caster level (the measure of a caster's raw power, akin to the way Base Attack Bonus measures a character's martial prowess), Magic Skill Bonus and Magic Skill Defense (a number similar to this game's caster level, which is used for opposed checks, overcoming spell resistance, and making concentration checks), as well as rules for how these systems work when mixed with the more-familiar spell system from this game's core magic system.
Classes
Eleven base classes and one prestige class give players and GMs a series of options designed from the ground up for use with the Spheres of Power system.
Base Classes
Armorist: The armorist binds weapons and armor to her service, creating items of vast power to fit her needs. With little need for outside equipment, an armorist can temporarily create weapons and armor for her allies and summon powerful equipment onto her own body.
Elementalist: A master of destructive magic, the elementalist can summon and control raw power in a variety of forms and can bring death to his enemies through fire, ice, lightning, and other ways.
Eliciter: Few creatures are as adept at manipulating minds as an eliciter, who can manipulate a creature's emotions to both empower and enslave.
Fey Adept: The secret of the Fey is the mastery of illusion magic to the point of crafting reality, and the fey adepts are their mortal students. A fey adept manipulates perception and reality to a startling degree, using illusions to accomplish tangible effects.
Hedgewitch: No two hedgewitches are exactly alike, as this class excels at mixing and matching the powers of other classes through the use of its traditions. A hedgewitch could be a master of herbal magic, a dealer in forbidden arts, a charlatan, or all of the above.
Incanter: The undisputed master of magic, the incanter gains more magic talents than any other class, and is perfect for those who enjoy power and versatility in their casters.
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Mageknight: When a warrior seeks to increase their power through magic, they often choose the path of the mageknight. Mageknights combine weapons and spheres to become a deadly force on the battlefield.
Shifter: Shifters use their magic to manipulate their bodies, ever-changing to suit their needs and overcome challenges. Shifters take on a variety of forms until few are sure which is their real one, if there even is such a thing.
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Soul Weaver: Masters of both life and death, soul weavers are mediums, healers, necromancers, and summoners of spirits and shades. A soul weaver may either bless or curse the living and can enact powerful magic on those who fall under their sway.
Symbiat: Symbiats are masters of telepathy and telekinetics, using psionic magic to accomplish impressive feats. Symbiats use their power with a level of detail and finesse no other caster can copy, pushing their bodies to inhuman extremes or reading their opponent's mind to stay one step ahead of its movements.
Thaumaturge: There are those who seek power down forbidden or unsafe paths, risking their bodies and souls to lift their magic to heights few would dare to tread. These are thaumaturges, and few can match their raw magical might.
Bokor: The bokor is a prestige class that combines the core Pathfinder spell system with the this system sphere system, representing those casters willing to study magic in all of its forms.
This section concludes with a series of archetypes designed to adapt existing core classes to the Spheres of Power system.
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Advanced Magic
This section covers a series of optional magic rules, which both players and GMs can use to increase the scope of their adventures. This includes magic such as resurrection, long-distance teleportation, planar binding, and other magical feats that, depending on play style, may or may not become part of any given campaign. This magic is divided into four systems for ease of use:
Advanced Talents: These abilities function similarly to standard magic talents, but they have strict requirements and can greatly increase the scope of a base sphere's power.
Rituals: Rituals allow a caster to invest time and material components to create magical effects. Rituals provide the utility of spells to a world of spheres.
Spellcrafting: Spellcrafting allows casters to create unique expressions of magic such as signature spells or other abilities outside the scope of the standard this system system.
Incantations: Similar to incantations from older roleplaying systems, this magic system allows creatures to use skill checks and strict criteria to accomplish great feats of magic, often in a campaign-centric way that adds wonder and mystery to a plot.
Player Options
Feats can be found here as well as rules for creating a caster's tradition.
A caster's tradition is a shorthand for the rules and regulations that are associated with a particular caster's magic style. In the core Pathfinder Roleplaying Game, these are things akin to a wizard needing a spell book and materials to use his magic, as well as his need to gesture and speak in a magical language. Likewise, it is similar to a cleric's need to pray to her Deity and use her holy symbol as a focus in order to cast spells. Casting traditions allow not only players to customize the why's and how's of their magic users, but also GMs to dictate the rules of magic in a particular world, allowing them to create settings that otherwise would not translate well to the magic rules of the core Pathfinder Roleplaying Game.
Magic Items
This section covers not only how to adapt Spheres of Power for the creation of pre-existing magic items, but also includes new rules for the use and creation of magic items.
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Spheres of Power © 2014 Drop Dead Studios LLC, Author Adam Meyers
Spheres Apocrypha: Battlefield Manipulation TalentsVendor: Drop Dead Studios |
Want to use teleportation magic to more lethally shunt enemies around the battlefield? Suck away the elements from a nature-caster? Damage your enemies with bullets of pure vaccum? All this and more can be done with Spheres Apocrypha: Battlefield Manipulation Talents! Made for Spheres of Power and Pathfinder 1st edition. Go beyond with Spheres Apocrypha! |
Vendor: Drop Dead Studios |
Spheres of Power is an alternative magic system with long roots in the D20 fantasy space, here adapted to 5th edition fantasy and presented for your tabletop games. Within these pages you'll find not only a completely new way to handle magic in your 5e games, but also find the tools you need to rebuild magic from the ground up to suit your needs. Magic lies at the heart of not only a great many characters, but also a great many worlds, and far too often it is limited by the available rules. What if a player wants to adapt a concept from their favorite video game, anime, tv show, or book that doesn't rely on traditional fantasy tropes? What if a game designer wants to create a world far outside the assumed setting, where magic comes from communion with moon spirits summoned to fight for the caster, or where magic-users do battle with physically-manifested words of the first language? Within these pages, you'll find the tools you need to not only create all-new character concepts, but also to adapt magic to fit the needs of your story and your world. Want to be a martial artist that controls elemental forces through movement? A magical girl fueled by friendship and battling with telekinetically-thrown mountains? A chemist who gains the power of nature through ingesting captured souls? All this and more is possible with Spheres of Power and its unique combination of Magic Spheres and Casting Traditions. With 5 new base classes and adaptation rules for all core classes, Spheres of Power can easily be used right next to the core magic rules or can completely replace them as you see fit. Come see for yourself what Spheres of Power can do for you and your games! |
Vendor: Drop Dead Studios |
There's so much more to martial combat than swinging a sword, and so much more to non-magic characters than waiting for the next fight. Spheres of Might is a new approach to building martial characters in your fantasy games, here updated and adapted for 5th edition fantasy. With 22 Martial spheres at your disposal, Spheres of Might grants incredible new options to your martial characters, whether you are a hulking berzerker, a cunning scoundrel, a charismatic leader of soldiers, and more. These martial spheres can be bought into with subclasses, feats, or 7 new base classes, letting you build virtually any martial combatant you desire, giving them not only new and engaging tactical options, but also letting any character become as useful outside of combat as they are inside. Within this book, you'll find: 7 New Classes — including the armiger, the artisan, the alter ego, the commander, the conscript, the scholar, and the striker. 22 Combat Spheres — granting a host of new abilities based on concept, including alchemy, athletics, barrage, barroom, beastmastery, berserker, brute, dual wielding, equipment, fencing, gladiator, guardian, leadership, retribution, scoundrel, scout, shield, sniper, tinker, trap, warleader, and wrestling. Legendary Talents — for when games deserve to become truly epic, legendary talents allow games to reach beyond the gritty to truly mythical proportions, including leaping mountains, stealing skills, and bending armies of monsters to your will through sheer force of personality. And much, much more! |
Vendor: Drop Dead Studios |
Created for Pathfinder 1st edition and the Spheres of Power system, witness the grand potential of magic unbridled! The high magic handbook offers options for Players and Game Masters to suffuse their settings with tremendous miracles, offering insights into the ways magic might sculpt the world. Erect mighty spellzones that can permanently infuse a region with magic or unearth the secrets of mythic rituals and crafting! Harness magic's new forms through the Universal Magic or dual-classing Gestalt options! Push beyond 20th level with mighty new Epic Level rules or expand your magical reach through sphere-based Mass Combat abilities! The limitless avenues of the arcane are open to all who dream of them and the High Magic Handbook serves as your guide along these infinite paths. |
Vendor: Drop Dead Studios |
The wonderful, wild, and great creatures that lurk just under the waves, just beyond the next dune, slumber deep in the forests, or high above in the clouds. Magical beasts are a diverse and unique mainstay for any setting or world. From the small to large, this book contains a wide variety of new magical beasts. From tremorlizards scrabbling inside of great caves, to hourglass jian cranes maintaining their tranquil homes, to the humble lava toad and the aggressive and territorial behir or remorhaz. Creature variants of unique owlbears which live in snowy mountains and dark forests, great and massive metallic tortoises, and the air and seaborne cousins to the unicorn. In addition to new creatures, climactic encounters are a wide set of guidelines for creating cinematic and memorable encounters, adding powerful one-time actions, arena actions, or even additional initiatives to diversify Pathfinder 'boss' fight execution. Alongside new creatures are new companions and familiars, including new magical beast companions and improved familiars, as well as ways to add templates to old companions to allow them to align with the planes, elements, become mechanical, giant, or even possessed. Spheres Bestiary: Magical Beasts and Climactic Encounters is a Pathfi nder 1st edition supplement and companion to the Beast Tamer's Handbook using Ultimate Spheres of Power, as well as materials from Spheres of Might, Champions of the Spheres, and other Drop Dead Studio products. |
